The government’s decision to stop a proposed datacentre being built on an undeveloped piece of protected green land in west London highlights the pressure operators are under when balancing the demands of their investors with meeting the UK’s ever-growing need for compute capacity in a sustainable way.
The case, which is one of several datacentre planning disputes playing out across the country, centres on a £2.5m proposal to build a hyperscale server farm and supporting ancillary buildings, spanning 163,000m2, on the site of a former landfill in Iver, Buckinghamshire.
Planning documents for the proposed build show the developer, Greystoke Land, has committed to undertaking landscaping works, including the creation of parkland, and ensuring any waste heat generated from the datacentre could be reused in a district heating network.
But despite these nods towards sustainability and preserving some of the site’s biodiversity, details emerged in late October 2023 that the government has dismissed an appeal raised by the developer against Buckinghamshire Council’s decision not to grant the project planning permission.
Greystoke has six weeks from the end of October to decide if it wants to take its appeal to the High Court, but the company did not respond when Computer Weekly asked if it intended to pursue this option.
As things stand, the project cannot proceed without getting sign-off from the planners, but if the company does take its case to the High Court, there is no knowing how long that process might take to resolve. The longer the case drags on, the more money it will cost to build.
Additionally, with so many datacentre operators now owned by overseas private equity firms, there are concerns that investors may look at the issues Greystoke has run into with securing planning permission for its build and start getting cold feet about their own project development pipelines.
“Many of the private equity firms that have bought into the sector will have generally done so on a five- to seven-year deal,” said a private equity source with close working knowledge of the M25 project. “What we’re probably looking at here is a five-year plan to build a datacentre in the UK, but the question they need to ask is: are they going to get the return on investment they’re looking for when there is this degree of uncertainty [in the planning system]?”
The source continued: “Yes, the returns for investors are huge, which speaks well to the high amount of risk involved for developers, but whoever signed off on this M25 deal probably wasn’t anticipating the planning inspector would refuse to greenlight the project.”
This is particularly unerstandable when there is such high demand for datacentre capacity in this part of the UK, with data published by real estate services company Cushman & Wakefield in October 2023 confirming that London has very low levels of vacant datacentre capacity at its disposal.
“The under-construction capacity at the end of Q2 2023 stood at 118MW, whereas 610MW is in the planning stages. Considering the current under-construction pipeline, London is expected to become the first market in EMEA to surpass the 1GW of operational datacentre capacity,” stated Cushman & Wakefield in its October 2023 EMEA market update document.
“While London has consistently witnessed [the] addition of new capacity, demand has kept pace. Therefore, the vacancy has remained in single digits – 9% at the end of Q2 2023.”
Government under fire
Against this backdrop, it is, perhaps, understandable why the government’s decision to block the project has seen it come in for fierce criticism and attracted the attention of the national media.
On this point, the government has been described as “deranged” for blocking the build in the national media’s coverage of the affair, with the project’s supporters deriding the government for wanting to protect a piece of land that is overlooked by the M25 motorway and neighbours a busy industrial park.
“If the government is serious about becoming a tech superpower on the world stage, we cannot be slowing down on building datacentres – we should be speeding up” Mark Boost, Civo
“If the government is serious about becoming a tech superpower on the world stage, we cannot be slowing down on building datacentres – we should be speeding up,” Mark Boost, CEO of Stevenage-based cloud services company Civo, told Computer Weekly.
“Ultimately, my concern is that if we fail to match the demand for compute with sufficient investment in our own datacentres, we risk operators looking abroad for projects. This will leave the UK reliant on other countries for critical infrastructure and undermine the UK tech sector,” he added.
“Datacentres are the bedrock of modern technology. They are the hub from which all other tech extends, and without a sufficient and sustainable network across the country, they will struggle to support [the UK’s] growing tech economy.”
Elsewhere, the government and the local authorities involved in the Iver datacentre case have also come in for praise for refusing to let datacentre developers ride roughshod across the UK’s planning laws, given the proposed development is within an area of metropolitan green belt land.
These are areas of land that are supposed to remain undeveloped to prevent the onset of urban sprawl between neighbouring towns and cities, but they can be built on under very special circumstances.
This is a side of the debate that Boost is also sympathetic to. The Iver datacentre case makes it clear, he said, that a balance needs to be struck between growing the UK’s datacentre footprint and ensuring the environmental and economic needs of the local communities are taken into consideration.
“One way to balance the concern of all involved may be to look at new ways of integrating datacentres within our communities. We have recently partnered with Deep Green, the team pioneering carbon-neutral compute, as their exclusive cloud provider,” he continued.
“By processing data in small edge datacentres or ‘digital boilers’ immersed in mineral oil, Deep Green is able to capture the waste heat from servers and put it to good use,” he added.
“At the moment, they are using it to provide free heat to local swimming pools, but the technology has a wide array of applications for other heat-intensive industries like food manufacturers or textile firms. In so doing, we can make datacentres part of our communities, helping drive technological innovation, whilst cutting energy bills and environmental costs in the process.”
Keeping things green
As previously mentioned, the plans for the Iver datacentre do include a heat reuse component, but – as documented in the planning documents – the crux of the problem with this development appears to be its green belt location.
Buckinghamshire Council and neighbouring local authority The London Borough Of Hillingdon have both publicly stated that this project (and – in turn – the UK’s insatiable demand for datacentre capacity) is not considered a special enough reason to sacrifice the area’s green belt.
“A lot of the private equity money that is sloshing around in the sector comes from overseas, mainly America, and they sometimes have a difficult time understanding the European market because they treat it as one place, rather than appreciating that each country has its own nuances and ways of doing things,” the private equity market source said.
“We buy land very differently to how they do, which is why the question in situations like this [where planning causes problems] is, ‘Why can’t we just buy a piece of dirt and build on it?’ And the answer to that is, ‘Because you can’t’.”
A dig through the various planning documents and responses certainly spells out in, no unclear terms, why datacentre developers cannot just build what they like wherever they like in west London.
In its September 2022 response to the planning application Greystoke submitted for the project in November 2021, Buckinghamshire Council said the datacentre would constitute an “inappropriate development” of the green belt that would harm the “character and appearance” of the site and its surroundings.
The London Borough of Hillingdon backed this view in its own written objection to the application, dated February 2023.
The document stated that the development of this green belt site could only proceed under “very special circumstances”, as per the terms of the National Planning Policy Framework, and that – based on its analysis of the application – the project does not meet any of the criteria to be considered special.
“The volume of the three large buildings alone would be vast and cause significant harm to the openness of the green belt. This harm is given substantial weight and is not considered to be outweighed by the very special circumstances presented under the application submission. As such, it is considered that very special circumstances do not exist.”
While some might argue that meeting the UK’s exponential demand for datacentre capacity is justification enough for permitting the development, these two local authorities and the Parliamentary under-secretary of state for local government and building safety, Lee Rowley, would disagree.
After Buckinghamshire Council refused to grant planning permission for the project, the developers exercised their right to appeal the decision with the secretary of state, and it was Rowley who responded.
He backed the findings of a local inquiry into the build that ruled the appeal should be dismissed, in a letter dated 30 October 2023.
“The secretary of state agrees… that the buildings’ size and bulk would be emphasised by the buildings being significantly higher and bulkier than those on the nearby West London Industrial Park, and that with the introduction of the external lighting, fencing and access roads, the site would be perceived as being occupied 24 hours a day, seven days a week, in contrast with its current unused and open character,” the letter stated.
“He agrees that the appeal proposal would significantly alter the character and appearance of the area from that of open land with characteristics of a rural/countryside location to that of an area dominated by three large buildings surrounded by ancillary structures.”
The latter added: “Overall, he agrees that the harm the development would cause to the character and appearance of the area should be afforded substantial weight.”
Inconsistent decision-making
Given the protections afforded to green belt land, it would seem the UK planning system is operating as it should, but it has also brought to light some inconsistencies in how datacentre developments are treated by different local authorities.
Helen Kinsman, senior vice-president of commercial and regulatory affairs at west London-based colocation company Virtus Data Centres, which operates several server farm campuses in the region, is among the industry stakeholders calling for a reform of the UK planning laws in the wake of the case.
“[The planning system] is dated and inconsistent for what is needed in today’s digital world … there are different checks and balances [that] dictate whether planning is granted or not” Helen Kinsman, Virtus Data Centres
“[The planning system] is dated and inconsistent for what is needed in today’s digital world. In terms of consistency, each and every borough has its own local agenda. This means there are different checks and balances [that] dictate whether planning is granted or not,” she told Computer Weekly.
As examples, she cites the different weighting there is from borough to borough on things like whether the planned facility will run on renewable power drawn from the grid or derived via power purchase agreements (PPAs), and how the finished project might affect the area’s air quality.
“Some [boroughs] are more sensitive to these issues, whilst others are willing to overlook certain criteria because they are keen to get a datacentre in their borough to benefit the local community… The system needs to be more consistent and transparent in providing clear step-by-step guidelines,” continued Kinsman.
On this point, news of the west London development comes hot on the heels of a story about plans to build Europe’s biggest datacentre on another piece of green belt land, on the opposite side of the capital in the London Borough of Havering.
That development is being overseen by a company called Digital Reef, which is plotting to build a 330,000m2 datacentre on site surrounded by open farmland.
In stark contrast to the west London build, Digital Reef has been in consultation with the local council for several months about whether planning for its project could proceed using a vehicle known as a Local Development Order (LDO).
This is a legally binding document that would remove the need for a planning application to be made by the developer because permission for the project would be granted upfront as a result of the LDO being created.
Computer Weekly understands from sources with close working knowledge of the project that an LDO has since been granted. This is despite concerns being raised locally that allowing the project to proceed down the LDO route could potentially mean the build would not be subject to the same level of scrutiny as it would should a full planning application for the project be required.
The Havering branch of the environmental campaign group Friends of the Earth is among the groups that have publicly aired their misgivings about the project and the decision to allow it to proceed under LDO terms.
“We are very concerned that the [London Borough of Havering] has decided to consider an application to build a datacentre on green belt land, and that it is considering the application through a Local Development Order, rather than a full planning application,” the group said, in a statement to Computer Weekly.
“There are many aspects of the application that are worrying… and we believe that there are many more which could be raised. Hence our asking for a full planning application.”
Local Conservative Party councillor David Taylor told Computer Weekly the project is an “exciting and landmark project” for Havering and the need for “sovereign data storage in the UK cannot be underestimated”.
However, the use of an LDO means the project could proceed without residents’ feelings about the project being fully considered and factored in.
“When I examined the plans at a planning hearing, it became clear that the proposal relies on a lot of external factors. There is a requirement for an offsite factory, which hasn’t been found. It requires third parties to put forward plans for green energy production and it requires massive infrastructure upgrades,” he said.
“Finally, recent studies have shown a huge impact on the local environment with the site being green belt. I am also sceptical about claims of creating hundreds of jobs, when datacentres are mostly automated. We cannot just nod this through in the hope everything falls into place.”
He added: “This proposal is a great opportunity for Havering, but we should not skip any corners. Havering is a unique town and country borough. If we’re going to carve up the green belt for servers, then we must do so with the greatest level of consideration for the environment and our residents.”
A tale of two datacentres
The contrast in the treatment of the Iver datacentre planning application compared to the Havering proposal by their respective local councils highlights a major shortcoming of the UK planning system, said Spencer Lamb, chief commercial officer of Harlow-based colocation provider Kao Data.
“Unlike other European countries such as Germany and the Netherlands, the UK has no common or consistent framework among local authorities – a blueprint, if you will – which details specific processes for datacentres,” he said.
Virtus Data Centres’ Kinsman expanded on this point, and told Computer Weekly that part of the problem is that datacentres are typically considered to be “industrial use buildings” in the eyes of planners, which is an outdated classification that needs to be urgently revised.
“This is no longer appropriate because [of] what [datacentres] are used for and how they are operated. Historically, datacentres housed a lot of servers; they were installed, the doors were closed, and the staff left them to operate,” she said.
“Today, servers are constantly monitored and managed; particularly those supporting cloud applications as they are essential to our daily work and social lives. Datacentres have effectively been given critical infrastructure status due to them being the cornerstone of our digital economy, which was proven during the pandemic when datacentre engineers were categorised as key workers,” she added.
For this reason, both Kinsman and Lamb are of the view that the decision-makers – at both local and central government levels – need to be educated on the benefits that datacentres bring to the economy and the local communities where they are built to bring a bit more certainty to the planning process.
Someone else who shares this view is telecoms and real estate expert Siobhan Nagle, who spent part of her career overseeing the process of securing planning permission for mobile phone masts and the associated street furniture in the late 1990s and early 2000s.
“Rolling out the mobile phone masts there were constant battles, constant protests, and it had to be tackled because it was absolutely killing roll-out,” she told Computer Weekly.
“What’s going on in the datacentre space reminds me of the roll-out of telecoms in the late 1990s. There was a lot of money and huge amounts of enthusiasm floating around the industry, and relatively new technology – and it was the kind of technologies we were all using, but not many of us really understood,” she said.
“If I say to someone, ‘I work in datacentres’, they don’t fully understand what that means. The man on the street doesn’t know what datacentres are, and it’s the man on the street who is driving planning to a certain extent.”
This is why educating all the decision-makers and legislators who have a role to play in the planning process is important, because the datacentre industry will continue to struggle to get its projects over the line otherwise.
“This can be achieved through workshops, which is what the telecoms industry did… they put together working groups for people who were actually at the coalface [in the telecoms space] to educate the legislators so they understood the technology better and could apply the correct legislation,” she said.
“In the telecoms sector, they ended up getting – in England, Wales and Scotland – an almost reduced planning [permission] where they would just need to do certain alterations to a mast [and] give a notification [that it was done] rather than go for full planning.”
She said: “Educating the legislators and the decision-makers is what brought about the reduced [level of] planning because they realised how insignificant some of this work was. The datacentre industry needs to work with legislators and the local authorities in west London if they want to see change.”
